WHAT ARE THE PHONEMES ?

A phoneme is a set of sounds that convey the same meaning

some phonemes are:

/æ/, /ɑ:/, /ʌ/, /ə/, /ɜ:/, /i:/, /ɪ/, /ɔ:/, /u:/, /ʊ/,  /eɪ/,  /θ/, /ð/, /ʃ/,  /ʧ/, /ʒ/, /ʤ/, /b/, /d/, /f/, /g/, /h/, /j/, /k/,/l/, /p/, /r/, /s/, /t/, /v/, /w/, /z/

WHAT ARE THE GRAPHEME?

one of a set of orthographic symbols (letters or combinations of letters) in a given language that serve to distinguish one word from another and usually correspond to or represent phonemes, EX:

 the f in fun, the ph in phantom, and the gh in laugh

WHAT ARE THE STRESS?

emphasis placed upon a syllable by pronouncing ex:

Building and hotel

WHAT ARE THE INTONATION ?

the sound pattern of phrases and sentences produced by pitch variation in the voice

ex: 

----------------/ (up)

where do you live

 WHAT ARE VOWELS ?

In phonetics, a vowel is a sound in spoken language, such as an English ah! [ɑː] or oh! [oʊ], pronounced with an open vocal tract so that there is no build-up of air pressure at any point above the glottis.

WHAT ARE THE CONSONANT?

a speech sound or letter of the alphabet other than a vowel; for ex: one fricative














WHAT ARE THE DIPHTHONGS ?
 also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacentvowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: that is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel. For most dialects of English, the sentence "no highway cowboys" contains five distinct diphthongs.








WHAT ARE THE MINIMAL PAIRS ?

A minimal pair is a pair of words that differ in a single phoneme. Minimal pairs are often used to show that two sounds contrast in a language.
For example, we can demonstrate that [s] and [z] contrast in English by adducing minimal pairs such as sip and zip, or bus and buzz. Since the only difference in these words is the [s] vs. [z], we conclude that they belong to distinct phonemes.



WHAT IS PHONETICS?

is a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech, or in the case of sign languages

WHAT IS PHONOLOGY ?

is the study of the sound system of a language or of languages in general

WHAT ARE THE VOICED AND UNVOICED?

1. voiced is the articulated with accompanying vibration of the vocal cords: in English (b) is a voiced consonant

2. unvoiced is the articulated without vibration of the vocal cords; voiceless


"To feel the difference between voiced and voiceless sounds for yourself, place your fingers on your Adam's apple and produce first the sound of /f/. Sustain that sound for a few seconds. Now quickly switch to the sound of /v/. You should be able to feel very clearly the vibration that accompanies the sound of /v/, which is voiced, in contrast to the absence of such vibration with /f/, which is voiceless. Voicing is the result of moving air causing the vocal folds (or vocal cords) to vibrate within the larynx behind the cartilage of the Adam's apple. This vibration, your voice, is what you feel and hear when you sustain the sound of /v/."
(Thomas P. Klammer et al., Analyzing English Grammar. Pearson, 2007)










group activity
our activity is about to choose the wrong word and have to guess the phoneme


What is the vowel?

žEat

žBeatž

žHeadž

žSeat

žmet

What is the vowel?

žIt

žBit

žSit

žFit

žfeet

What is the vowel?

           žDay

žBreak

žSay

žEight

žhit

What is the vowel?

žBet

žLet

žTell

žSell

žExtra

žgrey

THE PHONEME /I/

Write the word with a different sound 

                               think  - this - field - Italy - big 

                               kit- hymn- bid- minute -will- lip     =    -------------------------------- 

THE PHONEME /i:/

complete with the correct word

1. If you ----------- Emy

(heat, wheel, machine, fleece , seek, leap, sea)

2. the --------------- of the life are stranger
(kit, bid will, wheel, machine ,seek, minute, hymn)






THE PHONEME /æ/

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html

complete with the correct word

1. The -------------------  is on the wall
(map, cat, head, seek,hat, cap, fit, boot,sell)

2.the ---------------- is black
(heat. kit, head, cat, will, lip, sail, bet,tell, say)





                                                                                THE PHONEME /??????/


                                                                         identifies the phoneme by the following words

bet
let
met
tell
sell
extra

http://www.uiowa.edu/~acadtech/phonetics/english/frameset.html




THE PHONEME  / ə  /

                                                     HANGED


guess the following words



* a--u-
* -i---r







THE PHONEME /U/ AND /u:/


sort the words according to the phoneme

1.  book                could                blue
2.  glue                   you                  put
3. boots                  foot                 goose
4. two                    look                 wood
5. good                  too 
6. should                food